As Fastmarkets RISI also estimates direct biofuel generation and consumption, primarily from black liquor and bark, appropriate conversion factors can be applied to the different biogenic types. Conversion factors are available from external sources, for example: https://stat.fi/tup/khkinv/khkaasut_polttoaineluokitus.html. 

As Fastmarkets estimates purchased steam and electricity consumption, it also enables the calculation of Scope 2 indirect fossil CO₂ emissions.

Fastmarkets does not currently provide Scope 3 fossil CO₂ emissions, which cover emissions related to the production and delivery of non‑energy raw materials and inputs (such as non‑integrated fiber, chemicals, other materials, and equipment).

In Analytical Cornerstone (AC), Fastmarkets’ CO₂ emissions estimates are based on simulated pulp and paper mill mass and energy balances, fuel and biofuel usage, and standardized emission factors. The system currently supports Scope 1 and Scope 2 fossil emissions as well as biogenic CO₂ emissions, with Scope 3 emissions planned for inclusion in 2027.

1. Direct Fossil CO₂ Emissions (Scope 1)

Direct fossil CO₂ emissions represent emissions from fuels burned on-site at the mill.

• These are calculated from simulated fuel consumption multiplied by default fossil conversion factors, using the underlying mass-and-energy balance models.
• Scope 1 fossil CO₂ is fully available and reportable within Analytical Cornerstone.
   

Examples of Scope 1 sources:

• Fossil fuels used in boilers (e.g., natural gas, coal, fuel oil)
• On-site combustion for steam and heat generation

2. Biogenic CO₂ Emissions (Biofuel Emissions)

Fastmarkets RISI estimates biofuel generation and usage (e.g., black liquor, bark, other biomass fuels), 

• Biofuel usage is visible in AC because it is part of the mill’s mass & energy balance.
• Fastmarkets began producing modelled biogenic CO₂ (primarily from black liquor and bark) in early 2026.

3. Indirect Fossil CO₂ Emissions (Scope 2)

Scope 2 emissions represent fossil CO₂ from purchased energy, primarily:

• Purchased electricity
• Purchased steam

Because AC already models purchased energy, Fastmarkets can estimate these Scope 2 emissions consistently.

Scope 2 enables:

• Benchmarking mills by electricity/steam carbon intensity
• Identifying opportunities for lower‑carbon energy sourcing
• ESG and corporate reporting improvements

4. Not Yet Provided: Scope 3 (Upstream Fossil Emissions)

Fastmarkets does not yet provide Scope 3 fossil CO₂ estimates — i.e., emissions from producing:

• Non-integrated fiber
• Purchased chemicals
• Purchased additives
• Packaging materials
• Logistics of raw materials and equipment
• Other upstream purchased goods

Development plans:

• Scope 3 fossil CO₂ is planned for 2027.

5. Summary Table